Edgar Degas Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Edgar Degas - Research Paper Example In addition, being a sentimental and enthusiastic innovative individual, he additionally drew the colorful pictures of ladies, which keep up interminable captivation and unabated interest in it. It is along these lines his work experience amazing affirmation and esteem. However, he was unable to procure popularity before all else, and needed to put forth hard attempts to win the consideration of the craftsmanship darlings, yet he left his contemporary specialists a long ways behind by dint of his clever inventiveness and amazing creative mind. Therefore, his works of art are as yet making business in practically all pieces of the globe. Parts of Degass work - for the most part, his expressive dance artistic creations from the 1880s - have for some time been well known with an expansive crowd; to an extreme so to their benefit. (artchive.com) The shower and brushing oil canvases of ladies, delivered by Degas, remind the artistic watchers the most fabulous character of Belinda and her changing area made by acclaimed English writer of Classical Era Alexander Pope in his magnificent sonnet Rape of the Lock. Belinda is seen as the most breathtaking character at any point made throughout the entire existence of Continental Literature. Being the admirer of craftsmanship, I likewise welcome the artistic creations made by Degas identified with the shower and toilette, where he has ably drawn each wrinkle of the body while drawing the sketch of the lady after shower. The shading blend of the scene is exceptionally near normal magnificence. The image additionally uncovers profound perception of this capable craftsman, who has remembered everything that fundamental for a popular toilette of the women having a place with tip top layer of society. It is in this manner the future craftsmen impersonate his style and attempt to make representations and drawings in similar lines embraced by

International Business Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Universal Business Strategy - Essay Example Especially when organizations like the Wal-Mart are associated with this industry, a definite report gives a thought on the excursion of the organization where the consumer loyalty intended to assume an essential job in the achievement of any organization. The investigation has attempted to consider the underlying stages when the idea of rebate retailing was not alluring among the clients, along these lines deciding the underlying status and techniques of the Wal-Mart Company. Accordingly a comprehension of the company’s position and dangers in the business during the 1950s has been led through the examination. Additionally, the learning decides the way where the organization has had the option to increase upper hand over its rivals. This includes the business methodologies that the organization concentrated on including the degree of consumer loyalty. The achievement of the organization likewise relies upon the capacity of the organization to deal with its maintainability and along these lines the company’s remain in this setting is additionally noteworthy for the specific examination. In conclusion, the company’s passage into the German and the UK market would likewise think about the company’s explanations behind progress at one area while disappointment in another. In this way the examination has been engaged to have a total review on the Wal-Mart Company and its procedures from the early occasions till the current occasions considering the capacity of the organization to pick up and support its prosperity. Case Analysis-Wal-Mart 2. Allure of the markdown retailing industry in the USA when Wal-Mart initially started tasks during the 1950s: 2.1. Presentation: The presence of the markdown retailing stores can be followed back to the 1940s and the beginning of the 1950s. The reason for these stores was to serve the groups of those kids who were conceived after...Wal-Mart is a main retail location known to act in the markdown retaili ng industry giving a wide scope of customer items (Discount Stores, 2011). 2.2. Markdown Retailing Industry in the USA during the 1950s: To comprehend the appeal of the rebate retailing industry during the 1950s and mid 1960s, the utilization of Porter’s Five Forces (Jia, 2007, p.1) would be helpful. Considering the contention factor, concentrates from the contextual analysis just as different sources uncover that the presentation of the markdown retail locations during the 1950s prompted extreme restriction from other retail organizations and stores that were little in size. Issues identifying with the end of little shops, or lesser business openings were viewed as the outcomes of the markdown retail locations being presented (Jia, 2007, p.1). In spite of the fact that Wal-Mart began its tasks during this timeframe, however there were other market players making rivalries for the organization, similar to Target and K-Mart (Guillame, 2011). 2.3. Dangers from new contestants: As indicated by this power, an organization may have dangers from different organizations that may wish to enter the market on observing an organization having exceptional yields in a specific area. Along these lines the degree of rivalry will in general increment (Ahlstrom and Bruton, 2009, p.133).

The Im??rt?n?? of Product Positioning t? the M?rk?ting Pl?n

The Im??rt?n?? of Product Positioning t? the M?rk?ting Pl?n Have ??u ?v?r w?nd?r?d h?w m?rk?t?r? kn?w wh?t product t? bring t? ??ur door ?t???Well, they looked you up.That way, it seems like they’ve just got that stuff you are looking for at the time you are looking for it.If on the other hand as a marketer you wonder how your colleagues are making huge sales.Well, they sell more because they position better.Product positioning is a f?rm ?f m?rk?ting th?t ?r???nt? the b?n?fit? of ??ur product to a ??rti?ul?r t?rg?t ?udi?n??. Thr?ugh m?rk?t research and focus gr?u??, m?rk?t?r? ??n d?t?rmin? which audience t? t?rg?t b???d ?n favorable r????n??? to the ?r?du?t. It’s almost like magic.R????r?h can ?l?? d?t?rmin? which ?r?du?t b?n?fit? ?r? th? m??t appealing to th?m.Knowing this inf?rm?ti?n h?l?? streamline m?rk?ting efforts ?nd ?r??t? ?ff??tiv? marketing m????g?? th?t driv? m?r? l??d? and ??l??.It ?l?? h?l?? diff?r?nti?t? th? ?r?du?t ?r service fr?m th? ??m??titi?n in th? m?rk?t?l???.Pr?du?t ???iti?ning i? ?n im??rt?nt ??m??n?nt ?f ?n? m?rk?t ing plan, but it d???n’t h?v? t? b? limited t? ?n? ?udi?n??.F?r example, a ?r?du?t m?? h?v? a m?in t?rg?t ?udi?n?? ?nd ?l?? a ????nd?r? ?udi?n?? th?t i? also int?r??t?d in the ?r?du?t, but ??rh??? in a diff?r?nt w??.E??h audience will find th? product ?????ling for diff?r?nt reasons, which is wh? it’? im??rt?nt to tailor marketing m????g?? t? f??u? on th? b?n?fit? each ?udi?n?? v?lu?? m??t.Elements ?f Pr?du?t PositioningPr?du?t ???iti?ning can involve a number ?f different ?l?m?nt?. A ?r?du?t can be ???iti?n?d in a f?v?r?bl? way f?r a t?rg?t audience through ?dv?rti?ing, th? channels ?dv?rti??d thr?ugh, th? ?r?du?t packaging, ?nd ?v?n th? way the product i? ?ri??d. F?r ?x?m?l?, market research m?? have revealed that the ?r?du?t is ???ul?r among mothers. What d? th?? lik? ?b?ut th? ?r?du?t? Wh?t ?h?uld b? highlighted about th? product t? ?ttr??t them? And wh?r? ?h?uld the ?r?du?t b? ?dv?rti??d to reach them? With the answers to th??? questions, ?n ?ff??tiv? marketing ??m??ign ??n b? ?r??t?d t? send b?n?fit-driv?n m????g?? to the target ?udi?n?? wh?r?v?r th?? m?? b? (?u?h ?? F???b??k, wh?r? t?rg?t?d ?d? ??n b? purchased b???d ?n demographics ?nd int?r??t?).WHY IS PRODUCT POSITIONING IS IMPORTANT TO THE MARKETING PLAN? In m?rk?ting, a products t?rg?t m?rk?t is a set ?f ??n?um?r? with ?imil?r characteristics and n??d? who might be int?r??t?d in bu?ing th? product.Marketers ???iti?n their ?r?du?t within the target m?rk?t t? g?in new ?u?t?m?r? and ?u????d in ???uring m?r? customers th?n ??m??ting ?r?du?t?. P??iti?ning requires m?rk?t?r? to research their customers ?? th?? und?r?t?nd th? ??int of vi?w ?f t?rg?t m?mb?r?.Once m?rk?t?r? ??? th? product fr?m the ?u?t?m?r ??r????tiv?, th?? ??n use ?dv?rti?ing t? persuade t?rg?t m?rk?t m?mb?r? t? bu? the product.H?r? are a f?w reasons ?r?du?t positioning is im??rt?nt to marketing:1. Customer N??d?Eff??tiv? ?r?du?t ???iti?ning requires a clear understanding ?f ?u?t?m?r needs ?? th?t th? right communication channels ?r? ??l??t?d ?nd k?? m????g?? will resonate with customers.Pr?du?t ???iti?ning starts with id?ntif?ing specific, niche market segments to target not ju?t w?m?n ?v?r 25 but women fr?m 25 to 30 who w?rk in ??ni?r-l?v?l management ???iti?n?, make $X per ???r, ?r? ?ingl? ?nd ?nj?? sporting ??tiviti??.Th? m?r? ????ifi?, th? b?tt?r.In ?dditi?n t? id?ntif?ing the ?u?t?m?r b???d ?n demographic ?nd ????h?gr??hi? (??r??n?lit?/lif??t?l?) ?ttribut??, m?rk?t?r? need t? und?r?t?nd ?u?t?m?r n??d?, ?????i?ll? relative t? the ?r?du?t? and ??rvi??? th?? h?v? t? ?ff?r, t? ?l??rl? ??nv?? value ?? ??rt of their m?rk?ting ?l?n. With?ut proper product ???iti?ning, marketing ?l?n? ?r? in??m?l?t?.2. T? Make Entire Organisation M?rk?t-?ri?nt?dProduct positioning i? a ??rt ?f th? broader marketing philosophy. It concerns with id?ntif?ing ?u??ri?r ?????t? ?f product ?nd matching th?m with consumers m?r? ?ff??tiv?l? th?n ??m??titi?n?.This philosophy m?k?? the ?ntir? organisation market ?ri?nt?d.Attention-Capturing ?nd Cost S?ving?C?n?um?r? face ??mmuni??ti?n ?h?nn?l? fill?d ?r ?v?n overfilled with marketing and advertisements. The fragmentation of ??n?um?r ?tt?nti?n across ?n expanding numb?r of communication ?h?nn?l?, r?nging fr?m ?t?nd?rd network television, ?tr??ming vid?? and mu?i? ?nlin? t? m???iv? multi?l???r games and bl?g?, magnifies this problem.P??iti?ning f??u??? ?n a ??rti?ul?r gr?u? and highlight? and ?im?lifi?? the ?r?du?t elements that speak t? th?t m?rk?t segment, ?ll?wing th? m????g? to ?ut through the ??mmuni??ti?n ?lutt?r.Th? n?rr?wing d?wn ?f th? market segments that driv? ???iti?ning can help r?du?? ?dv?rti?ing costs by limiting th? ??mmuni??ti?n ?h?nn?l? ?m?l???d t? d?liv?r ?dv?rti?ing. A bu?in??? w?uld likely forgo m??t ?r ?ll online ?dv?rti?ing on a ?r?du?t ?im?d at ??ni?r ?itiz?n?, because th?t m?rk?t segment ???nd? a minim?l amount of tim? ?nlin?.On the ?th?r hand, a business ??uld ?r?b?bl? limit t?l?vi?i?n advertising ?r f??u? ?n a ?m?ll handful ?f ?h?nn?l? f?r ?r? du?t? aimed ?t the tw?nt?-??m?thing ?r?wd, b???u?? that segment ???nd? ??m??r?tiv?l? limit?d time watching TV. Th? ?x?lu?i?n ?r limitation ?f ?n? ??mmuni??ti?n ?h?nn?l TV especially ??n mean a ?ub?t?nti?l savings in ??ur marketing ??m??ign.3. C?m??titiv? Pr???ur??Marketers must weigh ??m??titiv? pressures wh?n th?? are ??n?id?ring th? ???iti?ning ?l?m?nt? ?f th?ir m?rk?ting ?l?n?.Eff??tiv? positioning ??nv??? t? ??n?um?r? wh? thi? ??m??n?? ?r?du?t ?r ??rvi?? ?h?uld be preferred ?v?r other competitive ??ti?n? based ?n wh?t the company kn?w? ?b?ut th? target ?udi?n??? needs.Eff??tiv? marketing ?l?n? ?l??rl? identify how th? ??m??n?? ?r?du?t? ?r services ?r? different from ??m??tit?r? offerings and in wh?t w???.Th?r? is n? v?lu? in b?ing a m? t?? product ?ff?ring ?nd ?im?l? copying wh?t ??m??tit?r? are d?ing. M?rk?t?r? mu?t ?t?nd ?ut fr?m th? ?r?wd in w??? that h?ld v?lu? f?r their t?rg?t m?rk?t?. Thi? is wh? m?rk?t r????r?h ?nd product ???iti?ning i? very important to th? marketing plan4. C?mmuni??ti?n Ch?nn?l?Pr?du?t ???iti?ning h?l?? marketers ??n?id?r h?w th?ir offerings are diff?r?nt fr?m ?th?r? that ??n?um?r? h?v? t? ?h???? from.But it i? n?t enough t? know this fr?m ?n int?rn?l perspective marketers mu?t ??mmuni??t? thi? t? th? t?rg?t audiences.T? d? thi? ?ff??tiv?l?, th?? mu?t ?h???? ??mmuni??ti?n ?h?nn?l? th?t ?r? designed t? ??nn??t with their id?ntifi?d target ?udi?n??? ?t times wh?n they will b? most receptive to these m????g??.C?n?id?r how ?ut?m?bil? m?nuf??tur?r? ???iti?n th?ir products thr?ugh communication vi? t?l?vi?i?n ??mm?r?i?l? during ???rting events, f?r in?t?n??, or h?w cosmetics m?nuf??tur?r? run full-page, full-??l?r ?d? in womens magazines.It’s ?ll ?b?ut ???iti?ning ??ur ?r?du?t, ?nd marketing can’t d? without ???iti?ning.5. T? Communicate N?w ?nd Varied F??tur? Added Later ?nWhen a ??m??n? ?h?ng?? qualities ?nd/?r f??tur?? of th? existing products, such im?r?v?m?nt? ??n b? ???iti?n?d ?g?in?t products ?ff?r?d by the ??m??tit?r?. P roduct positioning im?r?v?? competitive strength of a ??m??n?.Normally, consumers consider ?r?du?t advantages before th?? bu? it.S?, ?r?du?t ???iti?ning ?r?v?? ?u??ri?rit? of ??m??n?’? ?ff?r? ?v?r ??m??tit?r?. It m?? also h?l? ??n?um?r? in ?h???ing th? right ?r?du?t.We liv? in ?n over-communicated ???i?t? â€" ??r ???it? ??n?um?ti?n ?f ?dv?rti?ing in the d?v?l???d world is at all-time high?. A? a r??ult, w? ??? ?r?und 5,000 to 10,000 adverts ?v?r? d??. For br?nd? to ?ut through th? jungl? of m????g?? we ??? d?il?, th? ?nl? h??? ?f l?nding a ?un?h i? t? be ?xtr?m?l? selective ?n wh? w? t?rg?t. Thi? means ??n??ntr?ting ?n n?rr?w target m?rk?t? and to ??gm?nt those markets even further f?r m?r? ?ff??tiv? m????ging. Thi? i? the ?rt ?f positioning.It’? a crucial ingr?di?nt in the bu?ing ?r????? â€" it’? ?b?ut ??t?bli?hing a place in ??ur ?r?????t’? mind. A place th?t m??n? ??m?thing. It’? ??ur ????rtunit? t? influ?n?? ??ur t?rg?t market’s ??r???ti?n ?f ??ur ?r?du?t? ?nd ??rvi? ??.If ??u ?h???? n?t to ?ddr??? the i??u? ?f product ???iti?ning h??d on, ??u are unlikely to succeed. Consumers ?r? ??n?t?ntl? positioning products in th?ir mind â€" if ??u don’t h?l? th?m, th??’ll position it with th? help of your competitors. Consequently, ??u w?n’t b? ??int?d in a g??d light.Cl??r, concise and m??ningful product ???iti?ning h?l?? ??u t? ?ut through the r?l?ntl??? n?i?? your competitors (and even unrelated ?r?du?t?) in th? m?rk?t?l???. On?? ??u’v? entered th? mind of ??ur ?r?????t, th?? can put your m????g?? into ??nt?xt with your ???iti?ning and th?? h?v? a b?tt?r chance of ?utting thr?ugh.6. Carefully Cr?ft?d Key M????g??Eff??tiv? product ???iti?ning ?l?? ??nv??? the differentiating, v?lu?-?dding ?????t? ?f ??ur ?r?du?t or ??rvi?? t? ??ur t?rg?t audience thr?ugh the ??mmuni??ti?n channels you h?v? selected.Th??? m????g?? ?r? designed t? ??nv?? how ??ur ?r?du?t i? diff?r?nt (?nd b?tt?r) th?n ??m??titiv? ?ff?ring?, ?? w?ll ?? to ?ddr??? th? v?lu?-?dd?d ?t tribut?? th?t are im??rt?nt t? ??ur ?udi?n??.Pr?du?t ???iti?ning i? ?t the f?und?ti?n of ?n? effective marketing plan b???u?? it im???t? th? ultim?t? ?ur?h??? d??i?i?n.7. To Cope with M?rk?t Ch?ng??On?? th? ?r?du?t i? positioned ?u?????full? doesn’t m??n th? task ?f m?n?g?r i? ?v?r. He h?? t? constantly watch th? m?rk?t.A? ??r n?w d?v?l??m?nt? in the market place, n?w ??m??titiv? advantages ?h?uld b? id?ntifi?d, discovered ?r developed t? suit the ?h?nging expectations ?f the market. It makes th? manager ??tiv?, alert ?nd d?n?mi?.8. Pr?mium paymentsG??d ???iti?ning ??m?nt? th? product in the ?u?t?m?r’? awareness which g??d f?r marketing. It giv?? th? customer inf?rm?ti?n ?b?ut th? ?r?du?t in unique w?? th?t resonates ?nd ?t?t?? th?ir mind f?r?v?r.If executed ??rr??tl?, ???iti?ning creates v?lu?, ?n?uring th?t ?u?t?m?r will ??? m?r? f?r th? ?r?du?t b???u?? th?? und?r?t?nd and agree with th? product’s position.This ?x??uti?n r??uir?? u?ing advertising t? ?x?l?in t? ??n?um?r? the similarities ?nd differences between the ?r?du?t ?nd ??m??ting ?r?du?t? ?? th?t ?u?t?m?r? und?r?t?nd wh? th?? ?h?uld ??? a ?r?mium.9. BrandingC?m??ni?? ??n ?h???? t? ?xt?nd th?ir ???iti?ning t? ?r??t? a brand. A brand i? a ??m??n? n?m? th?t labels a ?r?du?t ?r f?mil? of products ?nd carries a di?tin?t ???iti?n in th? minds ?f customers. Br?nd? th?t ?u?t?m?r? ??? ?? positive command premium prices.Brands ??n extend th?ir m?rk?t ???iti?n to n?w ?r?du?t? th?t th? ??r?nt ??m??n? intr?du???. This ?n advantage ?v?r ??m??ni?? who d?n’t h?v? br?nd positioning b???u?? unbr?nd?d new ?ff?ring? can’t ??mm?nd a ?r?mium.10. C?t?g?r? ClaimsM?rk?t?r? u?? advertising t? makes claims ?b?ut the category that the ?r?du?t b?l?ng? to ?nd d???rib? th? ?r?du?t’? ???iti?n in the ??t?g?r?. Category claims d???rib? h?w th? ?r?du?t i? better th?n competitors.For ?x?m?l?, ?n ?dv?rti??m?nt for a ??n ??uld make th? ??t?g?r? claim that it runs out ?f ink l??? ?ft?n th?n ?th?r pens.C?t?g?r? ?l?im? h?l? d?fin ? ?nd ?tr?ngth?n the ?r?du?t position ?nd ?v?r?ll br?nd.11. To M??t Ex???t?ti?n of Bu??r?Generally, th? ?dv?nt?g?? t? b? ??mmuni??t?d are d??id?d ?n th? b??i? of ?x???t?ti?n? of th? t?rg?t buyers. S?, product ???iti?ning can help r??liz? ??n?um?r?’ ?x???t?ti?n?.12. T? Pr?m?t? Consumer G??dwill ?nd LoyaltySystematic product positioning r?inf?r??? th? company’s name, it? product and br?nd. It ???ul?riz?? th? brand. Th? ??m??n? can ?r??t? g??dwill ?nd ??n win ?u?t?m?r l???lt?.The ?x??n?? associated with th? r????r?h that n?rm?ll? precedes ?r?du?t ???iti?ning represents th? m?in weakness of th? approach. Larger ??m??ni?? ?ft?n hir? marketing firm? to ??ndu?t extensive research, in?luding ?urv??? ?nd in-depth focus groups, to pin d?wn th? right m?rk?t ??gm?nt ?nd ??l??t th? appropriate packaging, ??l?r schemes ?nd ?v?n th? m??t appealing w?rd combinations. M??t small businesses lack the resources t? d??l?? a high-??w?r?d m?rk?ting r????r?h firm ?nd must r?l? ?n l???-f?rm?l m?th?d?l?g i?? to ?r??t? ?r?du?t positioning. Thi? may r??ult in in?d??u?t? preparation ?nd l??d t? a l???-?ff??tiv? ?r?du?t ???iti?ning ??m??ign.13. DifferentiationIf ?u?t?m?r? see ?n?ugh ???itiv? differences b?tw??n a product ???iti?n ?nd its ??m??tit?r? position the product b???m?? diff?r?nti?t?d.This means that th? ?r?du?t has th? ??m??titiv? advantage ?nd many customers b?li?v? th?t the product ??rf?rm? b?tt?r ?nd in w??? that ??m??ting products cannot perform.Th? customer may f??l that th?? have ?n ?dv?nt?g? over ?th?r ????l? wh? d?n’t u?? the ?r?du?t.Customers wh? t?ll others about thi? advantage furth?r diff?r?nti?t? b? making w?rd-?f-m?uth ??t?g?r? claims, enhancing the ?r?du?t’? ???iti?n ?nd ??r??ding favorable inf?rm?ti?n ?b?ut th? br?nd.Pr?du?ti?n P??iti?ning f?r Sm?ll Bu?in?????Whil? l?rg?r corporations h?v? th? budg?t? f?r ?xt?n?iv? m?rk?t r????r?h, ?m?ll bu?in????? m?? have a diffi?ult tim? ??ming u? with th? tim? ?r m?n?? t? d? it in depth. Instead ?f running focus gr?u?? ? nd d?ing t?n? ?f r????r?h, a ?m?ll bu?in??? ?wn?r ??n simply ??k th?ir n?tw?rk f?r th?ir ??ini?n?.If th?? ??ll??t information ?n ?u?t?m?r? ?nd their ?ur?h????, future ?r?du?t ???iti?ning strategies ??n b? b???d ?n ??tu?l sales d?t?.Thi? m?? ?v?n b? m?r? effective th?n b??ing ?r?du?t ???iti?ning ?n th? ??ini?n? ?f ??t?nti?l ?u?t?m?r?, such as in a f??u? gr?u?, because thi? ???iti?ning i? based ?n r??l behavior rather th?n ????ul?ti?n.14. Firm C?mmitm?ntWhil? a positioning ?t?t?m?nt is an internal m?rk?ting ??mmuni??ti?n, it ?l?? ?r?vid?? direction f?r wh?t ??u t?ll customers.If you use ?r?m?ti?n to project an im?g? ?f t?? quality, f?r instance, ??u pin ??ur r??ut?ti?n to th?t premise.Having a sense of dut? ?nd the urgency t? f?ll?w-thr?ugh often is g??d for m?tiv?ting a bu?in??? ?nd it? ?m?l?????. It ??n h?ld ??u ????unt?bl? f?r addressing any product ??n??rn? and th? n??d t? innovate ?g?in?t ??m??tit?r?.15. T? Design Pr?m?ti?n?l StrategyM?r? meaningful promotional ?r?gr?mm? ??n b? d ??ign?d. Based on wh?t advantages ?r? t? b? to intr?du??   new pr?du?t su?????full?. Pr?du?t positioning ??n ???i?t a ??m??n? in intr?du?ing a n?w ?r?du?t in the m?rk?t.It can position n?w ?nd ?u??ri?r advantages ?f th? ?r?du?t ?nd can ??n?tr?t? th? m?rk?t ???il?.THE GOALS OF PRODUCT POSITIONINGTh? ?im i? t? ???iti?n a product in th? mind of your ?r?????tiv? bu??r? and t? keep it t?? ?f mind wh?n th?? ?r? ??n?id?ring a purchase.To cut through, ??ur ???iti?ning must ??hi?v? thr?? ?bj??tiv??:It ?h?uld diff?r?nti?t? ??ur ?r?du?t fr?m your ??m??tit?r?’It should ?ddr??? im??rt?nt bu?ing ?rit?ri? in th? eyes ?f your ?r?????tIt ?h?uld ?rti?ul?t? k?? b?n?fit? ?r ?h?r??t?ri?ti?? ?f ??ur ?r?du?t ?r companyThe most successful ?r?du?t ???iti?ning ?tr?t?gi?? f?ll?w a ?im?l? set of ?h?r??t?ri?ti?? th?t ?r? n?t t?? di??imil?r t? th? b??t m?rk?ting messages.Th?? f??u? on d?liv?ring one primary messageTh?? m??n ??m?thing t? the t?rg?t audienceTh?? ???itiv?l? differentiate ?g?in?t the ??m??titi?nTh ?? ?r? r?l?v?nt t? th? t?rg?t ?udi?n??, n?t ju?t t?d?? â€" but int? th? futur?It i? believable, r?l?t?bl? ?nd credibleTHE ROAD TO ESTABLISHING YOUR POSITIONT? achieve the thr?? key ?bj??tiv?? of ?u?????ful ???iti?ning ?tr?t?gi?? ?utlin?d ?b?v?, you must h?v? a d??? und?r?t?nding ?f th? thr?? ?ill?r? ?f ???iti?ning. Y?u mu?t und?r?t?nd how ??ur t?rg?t m?rk?t m?k?? bu?ing d??i?i?n?.You mu?t und?r?t?nd how ??ur competitors ???iti?n th?ir ?r?du?t?. And ??u mu?t und?r?t?nd wh?t ??ur ?r?du?t has t? offer ?nd how it i? different.The three pillars are h??vil? int?rd???nd?nt. Th?r?f?r?, th?? mu?t be balanced with fin???? to ??hi?v? ??m??titiv? ?dv?nt?g?. If you ?nl? understand two ?f th? thr?? ?ill?r?, ??u lik?l? d?n’t know enough t? ?u?????full? ???iti?n ??ur product in th? context of ??ur prospects ?nd th? market.Und?r?t?nd ??ur target marketT? begin understanding your t?rg?t audience, ??u must d?v?l?? your ideal buyer ?r?fil? ?nd bu??r ??r??n??. This r??uir?? ?rim?r? research â€" ????ki ng t? your ?u?t?m?r? ?nd prospects directly â€" but it helps you to build an und?r?t?nding of your t?rg?t customer’s bu?ing ?rit?ri?:What ?r?du?t features ?r? im??rt?nt th?m?What ?r?du?t b?n?fit? do th?? ?m?h??i???H?w have you helped your ?xi?ting ?u?t?m?r? ??lv? their ?r?bl?m??Whi?h of those were the m??t important ?r achieved th? greatest outcome?Li?t their bu?ing ?rit?ri?, problems ?nd fru?tr?ti?n? in order ?f im??rt?n??. If ????ibl?, assign a quantitative weighting t? ???h ?rit?ri?n. If primary research in ??ur t?rg?t ?udi?n?? is n?t f???ibl?, ??n?ult ??ur ??l?? t??m, indu?tr? experts ?nd third ??rt? r???ur??? lik? F???b??k Groups, Cr?ig?li?t ?nd U??rT??ting t? create best-guess ???um?ti?n?.An?l?z? your competitorsR????r?h ??ur m?rk?t th?r?ughl?. Thi? r??uir?? a l?t ?f w?rk with a ??mbin?ti?n ?f ?rim?r? ?nd ????nd?r? r????r?h. Y?u ?h?uld look at the wh?l? m?rk?t â€" it’? th? ?nl? way t? und?r?t?nd th? ??nt?xt of th? ?ntir? m?rk?t.H?w?v?r, you should th?n ??m?l?t? more in-d?? th research ?n your five most im??rt?nt ??m??tit?r?.D?t?rmin? h?w th?? ???iti?n themselves, ??r??b??k examples ?f th?ir m????ging, sign-up to th?ir email n?w?l?tt?r?, g? thr?ugh th?ir ??l?? ?r?????, id?ntif? th? ?tr?t?gi?? th??’r? u?ing ?nd h?w ?u?????ful they have b??n.M?? bu?ing ?rit?ri? against th? ??m??titiv? l?nd?????N?w that ??u’v? ??m?l?t?d most ?f your m?rk?t r????r?h, you need t? m?? ??ur t?rg?t market’s bu?ing ?rit?ri? ?g?in?t your competitors’ ?r?du?t ???iti?ning.Cr??t? a t?bl? with two ??lumn? â€" ?n? with ??ur ?ri?riti??d and weighted buying ?rit?ri?, ?nd th? ????nd with how your competitors position against these ?rit?ri?.H?w d??? ???h of ??ur competitors ???iti?n th?m??lv?? ?g?in?t the t?rg?t ?udi?n??’? n??d??It’s ?uit? n?rm?l f?r m?r? th?n ?n? ??m??tit?r t? battle f?r th? ??m? ???iti?n in the m?rk?t. Expect the market l??d?r t? h?v? established a ?tr?ng ???iti?n within the highest ?ri?rit? buying ?rit?ri?. L??k ?ut f?r ??m??tit?r? wh? ?r? tr?ing t? ???u?? ??v?r?l positions th?ir positioning is ?r?b?bl? ??nfu??d. Don’t be ?ur?ri??d if one ?r more bu?ing criteria ?r? not b?ing targeted b? ?n? of your ??m??tit?r?.Try t? und?r?t?nd th? ‘wh?’ behind your ?n?l??i?. Wh? i? n?b?d? t?rg?ting X n??d? Wh? are Competitor A ?nd B b?ttling f?r criteria Y? How ??m? n?b?d? h?? tri?d to b?ttl? th? m?rk?t leader on th?ir ???iti?ning?Assess your product’s strength ?g?in?t th? t?rg?t ?udi?n??’? bu?ing ?rit?ri?During your ??nv?r??ti?n? with ??ur ?u?t?m?r?, ??u asked whi?h ?r?bl?m? ??u’v? h?l??d th?m to ??lv?. Y?u ?l?? asked them whi?h h?d th? gr??t??t impact ?n their business. C?mbin?d t?g?th?r, thi? d?t? will giv? ??u a gr??t vi?w on wh?r? your ?r?du?t is strong.You ?h?uld also look ?utw?rd â€" ?n?l??? ??ur ?r?du?t ?g?in?t ??ur competitors’ b???u?? it’? important t? und?r?t?nd the context of th? m?rk?t. If you ??n, buy ?nd dir??tl? ??m??r? your ?r?du?t? t? ??ur ??m??tit?r?’. If you ??n’t, d? your secondary r????r?h â€" ?l???? lik? G2Crowd ?r? gr??t f?r finding r?vi?w? ?f S??S products.For those in a diff?r?nt industry, start b? l??king on indu?tr?-r?l?t?d f?rum?, m????g? b??rd?, reviews ?nd gr?u?? where ????l? ?r? ?h?ring their th?ught? ?n diff?r?nt ??m??tit?r? in the m?rk?t. This ?h?uld giv? ??u some ?l??r ?ign?l? on wh?t’? h?t ?nd what’s not.Look f?r ??ur m?rk?t opportunitiesFir?t of ?ll, review ??ur research and analysis, ?nd th?n determine the opportunities that exist in the m?rk?t. I? th?r? an opportunity where you ??n d?liv?r and excel? W?uld you ??hi?v? ??ur bu?in??? g??l? if you ?u?????full? ???iti?n?d ??ur??lf in the vacant ???iti?n?If th?r? ?r? n? v???nt ????rtuniti?? in th? market (or th?r? ?r?, but it d???n’t m?k? sense to position ??ur??lf th?r?), you mu?t d??id? whi?h ??m??tit?r t? t?rg?t. In th? ?x?m?l?, I’v? deliberately ?i?k?d a very ?r?wd?d m?rk?t. There ?r? a l?t ?f ??m??tit?r? in the cloud h??ting indu?tr?, but it’? important t? n?t? th?t there’s still a hug? ????rtunit? t? dif ferentiate and achieve r??id gr?wth.Y?u mu?t determine whether th? buyer need i? strong enough, and wh?th?r ??u can ??ti?f? that n??d â€" or a ??mbin?ti?n ?f needs â€" b?tt?r th?n ?n??n? else. Are ??ur ??m??tit?r? vuln?r?bl? to ?tt??k if ??u ???iti?n on th?ir key buying ?rit?ri?? You must ??k ??ur??lf thi? ?u??ti?n, b???u?? th? b?ttl? will b? fi?r?? once ??u ?t?rt ?ng?ging.You’ll n??d t? find a b???hh??d t? ??t?bli?h a ?tr?ng h?ld on as ??u ?nt?r ??ur ??m??tit?r?’ market segment. I’v? ?u?????full? positioned ?r?du?t? ?n a hybrid of v?r? related bu?ing ?rit?ri?, but ultim?t?l? ?n? criteria mu?t t?k? ?ri?rit? ?r ??u ri?k blending in â€" w? ??hi?v?d thi? with extreme f??u?. W? t?rg?t?d ?ur beachhead ?nd th?n expanded ?ut once the ?tr?ngh?ld had b??n ??t?bli?h?dPOSITIONING STRATEGYPositioning ?tr?t?gi?? ??n b? ??n??iv?d ?nd d?v?l???d in a variety of w???. It ??n b? d?riv?d fr?m th? ?bj??t attributes, ??m??titi?n, ???li??ti?n, the types ?f ??n?um?r? involved, ?r th? characteristics ?f th? ?r?du?t class.All th??? attributes r??r???nt a diff?r?nt approach in d?v?l??ing ???iti?ning ?tr?t?gi??, even th?ugh ?ll ?f them h?v? th? ??mm?n ?bj??tiv? ?f ?r?j??ting a favorable image in th? mind? ?f the ??n?um?r? or audience.Th?r? ?r? seven approaches t? ???iti?ning     strategies:U?ing Product ?h?r??t?ri?ti?? ?r Cu?t?m?r Benefits as a ???iti?ning ?tr?t?g?Thi? ?tr?t?g? b??i??ll? f??u??? u??n th? ?h?r??t?ri?ti?? ?f th? ?r?du?t ?r ?u?t?m?r benefits. F?r example if I ??? Imported it?m? it b??i??ll? t?ll or illu?tr?t? a v?ri?t? ?f product ?h?r??t?ri?ti?? ?u?h as dur?bilit?, ???n?m? ?r reliability ?t?.Lets t?k? ?n ?x?m?l? ?f m?t?rbik?? ??m? ?r? emphasizing on fuel ???n?m?, some ?n power, looks ?nd others stress on th?ir dur?bilit?. H?r? C??l?? Ltd. ???iti?n? fir?t, ?m?h??izing dur?bilit? ?nd style f?r it? cycle.At tim? ?v?n ??u w?uld h?v? n?ti??d th?t a ?r?du?t i? ???iti?n?d ?l?ng tw? or m?r? product ?h?r??t?ri?ti?? at th? same tim?. Y?u w?uld h?v? ???n thi? in the ???? ?f t?? th???t? m?rk?t, m??t t??th???t? in?i?t? on ‘fr??hn???’ and ‘??vit? fighter’ ?? th? product ?h?r??t?ri?ti??.It is always t?m?ting t? tr? to ???iti?n ?l?ng ??v?r?l product characteristics, ?? it i? fru?tr?ting t? h?v? ??m? g??d ?h?r??t?ri?ti?? that are not ??mmuni??t?d.Pri?ing ?? a ???iti?ning strategyQuality Approach ?r Positioning by Price-Quality â€" Lets t?k? an ?x?m?l? and und?r?t?nd thi? ???r???h ju?t suppose ??u h?v? to g? and bu? a ??ir ?fj??n?, ?? ???n as ??u enter in th? ?h?? you will find diff?r?nt ?ri?? r?g? j??n? in the ?h?wr??m say ?ri?? ranging from $35 to $200. A? soon ?? look at th? j??n? of $35 ??u ??? th?t it is not good in quality.Wh?? B??i??ll? b???u?? ?f perception, ?? most ?f u? ??r??iv? that if a ?r?du?t i? ?x??n?iv? will b? a ?u?lit? product wh?r? ?? ?r?du?t th?t i? cheap i? lower in ?u?lit?. If w? l??k ?t this Pri?? â€" quality ???r???h it i? im??rt?nt ?nd i? l?rg?l? used in ?r?du?t ???iti?ning.In m?n? ?r?du?t categories, th?r? are brands th?t d?lib?r ?t?l? ?tt?m?t t? ?ff?r m?r? in t?rm? of ??rvi??, f??tur?? or ??rf?rm?n??.They ?h?rg? m?r?, ??rtl? t? ??v?r high?r costs ?nd ??rtl? to l?t the ??n?um?r? b?li?v? that th? ?r?du?t i?, certainly ?f higher ?u?lit?.Positioning ?tr?t?g? b???d ?n U?? or A??li??ti?nL?t? understand thi? with th? h?l? ?f ?n example like Nescafe Coffee for m?n? ???r? ???iti?n?d it ??lf ?? a wint?r product and ?dv?rti??d mainly in wint?r but th? intr?du?ti?n of cold ??ff?? h?? d?v?l???d a ???iti?ning ?tr?t?g? for the ?umm?r m?nth? ?l??.Basically this type of positioning-by-use r??r???nt? a ????nd or third ???iti?n for th? br?nd, ?u?h type ?f positioning is d?n? deliberately t? ?x??nd the brand’s m?rk?t. If ??u are intr?du?ing new uses ?f th? product th?t will ?ut?m?ti??ll? ?x??nd th? br?nd’? m?rk?t.Positioning ?tr?t?g? b???d ?n Pr?du?t Pr?????An?th?r ???iti?ning approach is t? ?????i?t? th? product with it? u??r? ?r a ?l??? ?f u??r?. M?k?? ?f ???u?l ?l?thing lik? j??n? have introduced ‘d??ign?r labels’ t ? d?v?l?? a f??hi?n im?g?.In this ???? the ?x???t?ti?n is that th? m?d?l ?r ??r??n?lit? will influence the ?r?du?t’? im?g? b? r?fl??ting th? ?h?r??t?ri?ti?? ?nd im?g? ?f th? model ?r ??r??n?lit? ??mmuni??t?d ?? a ?r?du?t u??r.L?t? not forget th?t Johnson ?nd Johnson r????iti?n?d its shampoo fr?m ?n? u??d f?r babies t? ?n? u??d b? ????l? wh? w??h th?ir h?ir fr??u?ntl? ?nd therefore n??d a mild people who w??h their h?ir frequently ?nd therefore n??d a mild ?h?m???. Thi? repositioning r??ult?d in a m?rk?t share.P??iti?ning ?tr?t?g? b???d on Product Cl???In ??m? product ?l??? we have to m?k? ?ur? ?riti??l ???iti?ning d??i?i?n? F?r ?x?m?l?, freeze dri?d ??ff?? n??d?d t? positions it??lf with r?????t t? r?gul?r ?nd instant coffee and ?imil?rl? in ???? of dried milk makers ??m? out with instant br??kf??t positioned ?? a br??kf??t substitute and virtu?ll? id?nti??l ?r?du?t ???iti?n?d ?? a dietary meal substitute.P??iti?ning strategy b???d ?n Cultural SymbolsIn today’s w?rld many ?dv?rt i??r? ?r? u?ing deeply entrenched cultural symbols t? diff?r?nti?t? th?ir br?nd? from th?t ?f ??m??tit?r?.The ????nti?l task is t? identify something th?t i? v?r? m??ningful to ????l? th?t ?th?r competitors are not u?ing ?nd ?????i?t? thi? br?nd with th?t ??mb?l.Air Indi? u??? m?h?r?j? as it? l?g?, b? thi? th?? are tr?ing to show th?t w? w?l??m? gu??t ?nd give th?m r???l treatment with l?t ?f r?????t ?nd it ?l?? highlight? Indian tr?diti?n. Using ?nd popularizing tr?d?m?rk? g?n?r?ll? follow thi? t??? ?f positioning.P??iti?ning ?tr?t?g? b???d ?n CompetitorsIn thi? t??? ?f ???iti?ning ?tr?t?gi??, ?n im?li?it or ?x?li?it fr?m? ?f reference i? ?n? or m?r? ??m??tit?r?. In some cases, reference competitor(s) can b? th? dominant aspect ?f th? positioning ?tr?t?gi?? of th? firm, the firm either uses the ??m? ?f similar ???iti?ning ?tr?t?gi?? ?? used b? the competitors ?r th? ?dv?rti??r uses a n?w strategy t?king th? competitors’ strategy ?? the b???.A g??d ?x?m?l? ?f this w?uld b? C?lg?t? ?nd Pepsodent. C?lg?t? wh?n entered into the market f??u??d ?n to f?mil? ?r?t??ti?n but when P????d?nt entered into th? market with f??u? ?n 24 h?ur ?r?t??ti?n ?nd b??i??ll? f?r kid?, C?lg?t? changed its f??u? fr?m f?mil? protection t? kids teeth ?r?t??ti?n which w?? a ???iti?ning strategy ?d??t?d because ?f competition.

Comma Splices Error or Eloquence

In traditional grammar, the term comma splice refers to two independent clauses separated by a comma instead of a period or semicolon. Comma splices, also known as comma faults, are often regarded as errors, especially if theyre likely to confuse or distract readers. However, comma splices may be used deliberately to emphasize the relationship between two short parallel clauses or to create a rhetorical effect of speed, excitement, or informality, though the result is almost always a run-on sentence. The easiest way to fix this type of error is to substitute a period or semicolon for the comma, though a process of coordination and subordination may also be used to make the sentence grammatically correct. Getting Away with Errors One of the most important rules English writers learn early on in studying grammar is that a writer must understand the rules of usage in order to break them effectively — thats the beauty of the English language: versatility. Even the popular style guidebook The Elements of Style by William Strunk, Jr. and E. B. White say that a comma splice is preferable [to a semicolon] when the clauses are very short and alike in form, or when the  tone  of the sentence is easy and conversational. Built-in spelling and grammar checking services on popular word editing software like Microsoft Word even misses some comma splices because of the versatility of the commas usage and the frequency and eloquence of effective comma splice use in literature and professional writing. In advertising and journalism, a comma splice can be used for dramatic or stylistic effect or to emphasize a contrast between different ideas. Ann Raimes and Susan K. Miller-Cochran describe this usage choice in Keys for Writers, wherein they advise writers to take this stylistic risk only if you are sure of the effect you want to achieve. Correcting Comma Splices The most difficult part of correcting comma splices is actually identifying the error in the first place, wherein the writer must determine if the clauses can stand alone or if they belong together. Fortunately, once the writer determines a comma splice has been made in error, there are five common ways to fix the mistake. Edward P. Bailey and Philip A. Powell use the incorrectly spliced sentence we hiked for three days, we were very tired to illustrate the five common ways of fixing splices in The Practical Writer. The first method they offer is to change the comma to a period and capitalize the next word and the second is to change the comma to a semicolon. From there, it gets a bit more complicated. Bailey and Powell offer that a writer can also change the comma to a semicolon and add a conjunctive adverb like hence so that the newly corrected sentence will read we hiked for three days; hence, we were very tired. On the other hand, a writer could also leave the comma in place but add a coordinating conjunction like so before the second independent clause. Finally, the writer can change one of the independent clauses to an independent clause by adding a prepositional phrase like because, making the corrected sentence read Because we hiked for three days, we were very tired. In any of these cases, the writer is able to clarify their meaning and ease the audiences comprehension of the text. Sometimes, especially in poetic prose, it is better to leave the splice, though—it makes for more dynamic writing.

The Rwandan Genocide Essay - 1747 Words

The Rwandan Genocide History has a funny way of repeating itself. After World War II, the United States and the rest of the international community promised to do all they could to prevent future genocides. However this was a promise they were unable to keep. In 1994 when Rwanda went through genocide the United States and U.N were absent, leaving the Tutsis to be brutally murdered by the Hutus. As a consequence 800,000 Tutsis and moderate Hutus were killed and dumped into mass graves. Once again the United States and U.N promised to do more, but this time it was too late. Before the genocide, Rwanda existed as a country the size of Vermont with a population of 8 million. Rwanda was controlled by Belgium, who gained control of the†¦show more content†¦The Rwandan Armed Forces (FAR) and the Hutu militia known as the Interahamwe then went from house to house killing Tutsis and moderate Hutu politicians. U.N peacekeeping forces known as the UNAMIR (United Nations Assistance Mission in Rwanda) stood by as the slaughter went on as they were forbidden to intervene, because it would breach their monitoring mandate. The next day on April 7th , 1994 ten Belgian soldiers with UNAMIR, who were assigned to guard the moderate Hutu prime minister Uwilingiymana, were tricked into giving up their weapons and were brutally tortured and murdered along with Uwilingiymana. On April 9th, 1994, France and Belgium sent troops to rescue their citizens; American Citizens were also airlifted out. However no Rwandans were rescued, not even those who were employed by we stern governments. The Hutus were very brutal and efficient in killing the Tutsis. They broadcasted their hit lists of victims including their names, addresses and license plate numbers. Those who heard their name on the radio fled their homes because they knew if they stayed they would be killed. In the beginning, the Hutu were well-equipped militiamen who used grenades and guns to peruse their mission. In the countryside the Hutus initially used firearms, but when more and more Hutus joined in the killings, the weapons became more barbaric. The weapons changed from grenades and guns to knives, machetes,Show MoreRelatedThe Genocide Of The Rwandan Genocide Essay1711 Words   |  7 PagesThe Rwandan Genocide took place in 1994 and involved members of the Hutu mass killing Tutsi and Tutsi sympathizers who were Hutu. The genocide resulted in the deaths of around 800,000 people, majority Tutsi. The separation of classes came from Belgian internationals creating the two ethnic classes and giving power t o the Tutsi who were taller and had lighter skin, and generally appeared more European. In response to this, after the country gained independence from Belgium, Hutu extremists gatheredRead MoreThe Rwandan Genocide And The Genocide1654 Words   |  7 PagesMiranda Shearer Mrs. Sohal/ Mrs. Love Period 3 17 October 2014 The Rwandan Genocide A genocide is defined as the deliberate killing of a group of people, especially of a certain ethnicity. By that definition and almost any other a dictionary could define, the killing of the Tutsis was certainly a genocide.The Rwandan Genocide occurred in 1994, in an African country called Rwanda. A long history of building friction between the Hutus and the Tutsis undeniably caused the mass murder of over 800,000Read MoreThe Genocide Of The Rwandan Genocide1421 Words   |  6 PagesThe Rwanda Genocide was an unfortunate case where thousands of deaths could have been prevented, but because of irresponsibility and selfishness of global governments’ innocent lives were lost. 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Simply speaking it was the indifference of global elites and political demagoguery that incitedRead MoreThe Rwandan Genocide And The Genocide866 Words   |  4 PagesThe Rwandan genocide occurred during the period of April to July of 1994. This genocide was as a result of the Hutu ethnic majority slaughtering the Tutsi minority. During this period as much as 800,000 Tutsis were killed. The genocide was started by Hutu extremists in the capital of Kigali and the genocide soon spread across the country. Despi te all of this there were several survivors of the genocide. Immaculee Ilibagiza is one of those people. Immaculee Ilibagiza was born in 1972. She is theRead MoreThe Rwandan Genocide1335 Words   |  5 PagesRwanda is a country made up of a population with three ethnic communities, the two main communities, the Hutu and Tutsi and an additional community of Twa (or pygmies) who all spoke the same language, Kinyarwanda or Rwandan (Clapham, 1998). There is a stereotype of appearance attributed to these two main communities, with Tutsi being seen as tall and having an aquiline shaped nose, and the Hutu as being short and flat-nosed (Clapham, 1998). In the pre-colonial state of Rwanda, it was the TutsisRead MoreThe Genocide Of The Rwandan Genocide2458 Words   |  10 PagesGenocide has been plaguing the world for hundreds of years. Millions of innocent lives have been taken all for the sake of prejudice. One of the most atrocious aspects of genocide is that a large percentage of them are sponsored by the state in which they are taking place. Over the years scholars have studied just wha t motivates a state to engage in such awful behavior. What motivates them? Why would they do such horrendous things to their own citizens? Is it solely for some economic incentive, orRead MoreThe Genocide Of The Rwandan Genocide Essay2042 Words   |  9 Pagespeople that commit genocide; we are all capable of it. 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The wayRead MoreThe Rwandan Genocide And The Genocide1637 Words   |  7 PagesWith over eight hundred thousand to one million deaths, the Rwandan genocide is undoubtedly one of the most sad and shocking examples of the lack of intervention by not only the US and the UN, but by other countries as well. The ongoing tensions between the Hutu, the largest population in Rwanda, and the Tutsi, the smaller and more elite population is what eventually lead to the Rwandan genocide. The killings began quickly after President Habyarimana s plane was shot down. After hundreds of thousands

Patients With Knee Osteoarthritis Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

The chief aim in this survey was to mensurate the quality of life ( QOL ) among the patients with diagnostic articulatio genus degenerative arthritis ( OA ) who go toing authorities primary wellness attention clinic. Other than that, this survey besides would wish to happen out the association between socio-demographic and medical position of patients with knee OA and their quality of life. The survey aims should be specific, mensurable, accurate, dependable and seasonableness. We will write a custom essay sample on Patients With Knee Osteoarthritis Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now In this survey, the aims were mentioned that the QOL is being measured specifically on patients with a certain type of arthritis. The QOL was measured by utilizing 36SF which had been validated in old survey ( Kosinski, 1999 ) . The survey was able to carry on from1st September 2003 boulder clay 30th April 2004. Therefore, this survey aims were suitably defined. 3. Theory used There is no theory been mentioned in the survey. In this survey, the writers may utilize the quality of life theory. The theory is based on development towards felicity. In other words is, it is the ‘true being ‘ on the construct of human demands. The theory explains that if worlds take more duty for their ain life, they implement the good qualities into usage ; they will go free, happy, powerful and healthy. This is besides known as Maslow ‘s construct of self-actualization. It plays an of import map in modern medical specialty particularly in understanding the personal development holding chronic diseases.. 4. Hypothesis In this survey, there was no mentioning of any hypothesis. However, the void hypothesis that can be suggested is that ‘Patient with articulatio genus OA go toing authorities primary wellness attention clinic has good quality of life in both physical and mental constituent ‘ , wheares the alternate hypothesis could be written as ‘Patient with articulatio genus OA go toing authorities primary wellness attention clinic has hapless quality of life in both physical and mental constituent ‘ . 5. Research design This correlational design cross-sectional survey which was carried out from the 1st September 2003 boulder clay 30th April 2004. This survey qualifies as correlational because the informations collected provide themselves merely to readings about the grade of QOL to which the variables are related to each other. It would merely state us that there is a relationship between the OA conditions with HRQOT. 6. Sampling method The sampling method used was claimed as cosmopolitan sampling, in which all patients with symptoms of articulatio genus OA who attended two different authorities wellness clinics in Hulu Langat, Selangor, Malaysia were taken as sample. In position of the little graduated table survey which merely involved two authorities clinics, the entire patient with OA is besides little. To make a random trying would non be contributing in this instance. 7. Sample Through out the eight months of informations aggregation, merely 213 patients with OA were been registered. The inclusion standards that was laid out – in which all 50 old ages old and above patients that were sing the outpatient authorities wellness clinic, would be the participants. However, the exclusions standards was besides laid that those who were illiterate, who were unable to reply the questionnaire, who needed infirmary admittance, and those who needed or those with stationariness or abnormalcy of the lower limb. With the inclusion and exclusion standards, the survey managed to hold 151 participants finishing the questionnaire. In this survey, there was no adverting on how the minimal sample size computation was done. However, for the 1s that were unable to gauge that correlativity, the research workers may be able to utilize a simple comparing of the two proportions as a trial for the footing of gauging the sample size. Using PASS 2000 package, the computation of sa mple size is- if the proportions of the 2 groups in this survey were expected to be 0.20 and 0.35 ( ? = .05 ; A ; szlig ; = .20 [ 80 % power ] ) , the minimal sample size of 275 participants is needed ( Delucchi, 2004 ) . 8. Technique of informations aggregation Techniques in data-collection allow consistently aggregation of information about objects of survey and the scenes which they occur. In this survey, informations on the medical features and socio-demographic of the participants were recorded but did non mentioned where they were recorded. The SF-36 signifier Malay linguistic communication version was either self-administered by the participants or being led face-to-face by an interviewer. Any respondents by household members or friends to the SF-36 signifier were non entertained. It participants unable to understand the questionnaire, the research worker would merely re-read the inquiries. The participants would reply the inquiry harmonizing to their apprehension. Administering written questionnaire is a less expensive informations aggregation technique and it can cut down prejudices due to give voicing inquiry otherwise by different respondents. It gives namelessness to the respondents and permits more honorable response. However, i nquiries may be misunderstood by the respondents and every bit mentioned in the survey merely the literates were chosen as participants. 9. Measure/instruments In this survey, SF-36 was used to mensurate the HRQOL. It is a 36-item instrument designed to measure basic wellness constructs. It is relevant to be used across disease, age and intervention groups. It has been validated and a dependable generic instrument that has been used comprehensively to mensurate HRQOL. The Malay version of SF-36 had been translated and validated. It was used in the Malayan National Quality of Life Survey 2000. It measured eight spheres which consisted of physical operation ( PF ) , role-physical ( RP ) , bodily hurting ( BP ) , general wellness ( GH ) , vitality/energy ( VT ) , societal operation ( SF ) , function emotional ( RE ) and mental wellness ( MH ) . The tonss on each sphere ranged from 0 ( lower limit ) to 100 ( upper limit ) . The higher the tonss, indicates the wellness constituents to be better. Since this instruments has been validated and been used in assorted surveies, it is appropriate to utilize it in this survey. 10. Findingss The survey showed that taken as a whole mean tonss were supra 50.00 in all facets of QOL. There was comparatively lower mark in the spheres related to the physical wellness position as compared to the mental wellness position. The research workers besides run other analysis with the available informations and found that: a. a important negative correlativity between PF and age b. the males had better mark in bulk of the QOL facets, peculiarly in the PF c. patients with no formal instruction scored better in mental wellness constituent particularly in VT and RE. d. patients with co-morbidities shown to hit less than those without co-morbidity in most of the QOL domains particularly in SF. e. The continuance of articulatio genus hurting is negatively correlated with all the QOL facets except RE, and it besides showed to be significantly negative correlated with the RP sphere. f. patients with higher BMI scored lower QOL in SF. g. PF tonss was significantly association with age and gender. h. VT and RE tonss were important association with instruction degrees. Basically, the research workers would wish to reply to the aims that to mensurate the QOL among the patients with diagnostic articulatio genuss OA who go toing authorities primary wellness attention clinic and it showed that the average mark of all the facets of QOL that being studied was above 50.00. Research workers besides had find out some dealingss between the ‘patients with articulatio genus OA ‘ , their socio-demographic and medical position and their quality of life. However, the associations were non portrayed in a table signifier so that the reader would hold a better perceptual experience on the vicarship analysis findings. 11. Decision The decision in this survey answered the aim of the survey indirectly. It should province that the average mark of all the sphere in QOL was above 50.00 and may advert that the patients had comparatively hapless quality of life in the physical wellness constituents but less on the mental wellness. The research workers mentioned two of import forecasters of hapless PF in patient with articulatio genus OA which is female gender and older age, but did non demo how the forecasters were established. The research workers besides claimed that higher BMI patients suffered more hurting – which merely show relationship. 12. Interpretation The reading of informations was non clearly showed in this survey. The statistical analysis method mentioned was appropriate harmonizing to the variables and the aims. However, it is hard to construe the information when the overall bivariate analysis findings were non shown in the literature. The research workers merely mentioned the important findings. 13. Restriction This survey was carried out to the patient with articulatio genus OA who attended the authorities wellness clinic. Therefore, it can non be inferred to the general population. This is besides suggested by the research workers that a big graduated table community based survey should be conducted to understand more QOL factors impacting OA patients. The questionnaire was in Malay linguistic communication merely. This is bias towards other patient in different ethnicity. There should be validated multiple linguistic communications questionnaires to be used in this survey. By utilizing questionnaire as instrument of the survey, it had limited the participants to the literates. It would be appropriate to used mix technique to garner more diverse informations. 14. Ethical consideration In this survey, there is no mentioning of consent taken from the patients either verbal or written consent. The research workers of this survey may hold asked for consent but non mentioned here. Harmonizing to a codification of ethical rules by the American Psychological Association, for research workers who deals with human topics have to guarantee that research workers obtain informed consent from all topics, guarantee that topics are protected from injury and uncomfortableness, guarantee that all experimental informations are treated confidentially and eventually, the research workers have to explicate the experiment together with the consequences of the survey to the topics. 15. Strengths of the Study 15.1 Correlational design The major advantage of this design is that it is typically easy to carry on. This is because it gives associations between studied variables and may propose the possibility of cause. If the two variables are causally related, they must be correlated. So by demoing correlativity, it can be a utile first measure toward showing causing. 15.2 Instrument used The SF-36 signifier which was used in this survey had been validated and dependable to mensurate HRQOL in diverse groups. Malaysia with 15 other states had participated in interpreting and accommodating SF-36 signifier to analyze HRQOL through the International Quality of Life Assessment Project. Therefore, the findings in the survey can be used to mensurate and compare with surveies done in other states. 15.3 The innovator survey This is the first published HRQOL survey in patients with diagnostic articulatio genuss OA who attended the authorities wellness clinics done in Malaysia. It can be used as the base of farther surveies spread outing in deepness the QOL in patients with chronic diseases. 16. Failing of the Study 16.1 Correlational design The major disadvantage of this design is that it does non give clear input on the existent ground for the associations. It has less control over the variables and the environments and this caused trouble to give alternate accounts. It can non govern out immaterial variables as the causative factors of what is being observed. In this design, when two things are correlated, it does non give chance to straight deduce causing. 16.2 Instrument used Although the SF-36 signifier is validated, it is merely in Malay linguistic communication signifier. It had limited the patients that able to take part in this survey. 16.3 Unable to deduce findings to the population. The sample size in this survey is unequal for it to be inferred to the population. How to cite Patients With Knee Osteoarthritis Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Mattel Incorporation

Abstract Mattel Incorporation has been using different contractors in countries such as China, Malaysia, and Singapore. This essay highlights the issues associated with toy safety. The paper discusses the actions undertaken by Mattel after the incident. The essay also describes the best practices towards improving the safety of children’s toys.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Mattel Incorporation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Mattel and Toy Safety In 2007, Mattel Incorporation â€Å"recalled its toys because they contained large quantities of lead† (Lawrence Weber, 2014, p. 533). The decision to recall such products was appropriate. The action was critical towards supporting the safety of the targeted children. Lead can cause numerous health challenges such as retardation, learning disabilities, attention deficit disorders, and kidney failure. The firm also acted ethically by focusing on th e best strategies. The practice dealt with the issue of lead poisoning. Mattel acted in an ethical manner after the disaster. However, the firm should have screened the affected children for lead poisoning. The approach would have made Mattel a more ethical firm. A number of players are responsible for exposing more children to harmful toys. The first stakeholder is Mattel Incorporation. The firm failed to test the toys before marketing them to the customers. The firm should have used aggressive methods to test every toy. This failure explains why more children were exposed to dangerous toys. The Chinese contractors can also be blamed for using unauthorized or inferior products. The paints used by these contractors and subcontractors contained lead compounds. The government had also failed to set the right toy-safety standards. Such standards would have improved the safety of these toys. The government should always undertake the right measures to protect its citizens. These stakeho lders should have acted in a responsible manner (Lawrence Weber, 2014).Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Government regulators should use the most appropriate strategies in order to ensure the safety of children’s toys. The best approach entails the use of appropriate toy-safety standards. Such standards include proper testing for chemicals and lead compounds. However, a number of regulators would have responded differently to this issue. To begin with, government regulators in the United States would put much pressure on different companies. The approach can ensure such firms produce clean products. The government of China would focus on proper manufacturing standards. Consumer advocates should ensure every company monitors and tests its toys before marketing them to the targeted customers. The toy industry would focus on proper manufacturing processes (Lawrence Weber, 2014). Children’s product retailers can encourage the government to support its citizens using the best standards. Different standard-setting organizations will promote the use of appropriate business practices. These stakeholders tend to have different goals and objectives. This fact explains why such stakeholders have different points of view. The society should use appropriate strategies in order to protect its children from harmful toys. The use of mandatory safety standards will ensure every toy is safe for use. The government should monitor the appropriateness of every safety standard. It should also ensure every firm fulfills these requirements. Toy manufacturers should always use certified materials and standards.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Mattel Incorporation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More They should also use proper testing practices. Consumers should ensure such toys have unique marks of quality (Lawrence Weber, 2014). These stakeholders will eventually protect more children from harmful toys. Reference Lawrence, A., Weber, J. (2014). Business and Society. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. This case study on Mattel Incorporation was written and submitted by user Kayson Reed to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Study of the 2010 Deepwater Horizon BP oil spillage in the Mexican Gulf The WritePass Journal

Study of the 2010 Deepwater Horizon BP oil spillage in the Mexican Gulf Introduction Study of the 2010 Deepwater Horizon BP oil spillage in the Mexican Gulf IntroductionThe Topic: Potential Implications on Corporate Governance:Cleaning of the spill:Financial ClaimsFinancial LiquidityInvestigation by BP:Internal initiatives of BP:Rebuilding the Reputation:BP’s Business StrategyConclusionList of ReferencesRelated Introduction The Topic: This assignment highlights the incident of the Deepwater Horizon oil spillage in the Mexican Gulf which took place from April 2010, as well as a brief explanation of the financial consequences faced by BP. It also discusses the potential implications of this event regarding BP’s corporate governance regulations. Explanation of the Event: Deepwater Horizon was a deepwater mobile offshore drilling unit. The rig was so high in length and width that it could easily conduct its operations in deep waters. It was owned by Transocean Ltd. Then Transocean Ltd and BP had a leasing contract until 2013. BP planned to drill a well through this rig and it started the drilling process in February 2010. In April 2010, a very big explosion in the Mexican Gulf was caused on the Deepwater Horizon which was recorded as the highest oil spill in the US history. The Deepwater Horizon was sunk deeply and the oil was continuously flowing into the Gulf of Mexico. According to R, Z (2010), 206 million gallons of oil was spewed.   Around 126 workers were managed to be evacuated from the affected area, whereas 11 workers were missing who were later presumed to have passed away. Efforts were put in by BP to cap the well but unfortunately, it did not work out. In July 2010, BP had capped the well. However, it was too late since the incident occurred as the oil had flowed in large quantities to the ocean and it already had created the biggest environmental loss in the history. Cleveland, C (2011) discusses that Since Transocean Ltd and BP were working under a contract for drilling the well, the government of the US considered BP to be responsible for the accident, and therefore, BP was accountable for paying all the cleanup costs which occurred due to the oil spill. BP agreed with the US government on accepting the responsibility of all costs.   Even if the costs are covered, it was analysed as the loss which had numerous negative effects on the entire globe. Potential Implications on Corporate Governance: Because of the emergence of the crisis regarding the Deepwater Horizon, the Corporate Governance of BP had to work and plan about the potential implications in an effective manner. Through this incidence, BP Corporate Governance learned many lessons in terms of delivering environmental safety and fulfilling its commitments. In order to respond well for the incident, the Corporate Governance of BP formed the Gulf of Mexico committee. The responsibility of this committee was to restore the losses that occurred in the Gulf of Mexico. Following are some initiatives that were to be implemented after the incidence of Deepwater Horizon oil spillage: Cleaning of the spill: The BP board had to monitor the operations of the company in terms of capping the well. The management of the company kept the board in contact and thus, it provides updates to the board on a regular basis. Moreover, the board of BP has decided to continuously work on cleaning up the beaches as well as to work for the communities which are affected by this disaster. Financial Claims There have been seen many legitimate claims against BP, Therefore, the company is now meeting these claims as well as the company’s board is monitoring these claims. The board regarding Corporate Governance of BP has planned about establishing a trust fund and this has been approved with the consent of the White House. This step is going to be taken so that BP’s commitment for accepting all the claims occurring from the event can be proved to all its stakeholders. Financial Liquidity BP was unable to cap the well after this major event. It is due to this reason that the company faced a major loss in terms of its financial standing as well as it suffered negativity in financing because its credit-rating decreased instantly. BP (2010) reports that the company suffered huge financial uncertainties as it lost a huge amount of money in paying claims as well as in establishing a trust fund which cost around 20 billion dollars. Therefore, considering the Corporate Governance of the company, the BP board reviewed the company’s dividend policy. According to the current financial situation of BP after the Deepwater Horizon incident, the company has planned to cancel the dividends of its first quarter. Additionally, it made an announcement that in 2010, the second and third quarters of the year would have no interim dividends. Furthermore, the payments of dividends would be made in 2011. The present financial situation of BP after the incident suggests that the cash resources available to the company are quite less now as compared to its earlier financial situations. Therefore, for having a stable financial position in the market, the board has reduced the level of spending on the capital of the company in 2010. However, the company’s corporate governance is also making sure that the stakeholders are aware of this. Investigation by BP: An investigation has been undertaken by the corporate governance of BP, for identifying the events which surround the unforgettable incident of the Deepwater Horizon. According to Gupta, S (2010), the oil is still there in the underwater in a large quantity. The company is also focusing on coming up with some really effective recommendations relating to the prevention of such accidental occurrences in future. BP produced a report after the conduction of the investigation, named The Deepwater Horizon Accident Investigation Report. This report from the BP included the recommendations for preventing the similar accident in any future situation. Internal initiatives of BP: After the accident, there are some internal initiatives made by BP’s management. These initiatives also include the new possible learning for the improvement of the risk processes within the company. One of the initiatives is the development of an entirely new division of safety and risk. Additionally, one more initiative by the company includes dividing one business, i.e. Exploration and Production segment into three different divisions i.e. Exploration, Development and Production. Dividing a single operation into three different functions means that it will further promote the development in terms of expertise and risk management for the long run. Rebuilding the Reputation: The trust and credibility of BP for its stakeholders is affected a lot after the company held responsible for the huge environmental and societal loss. It can take years to rebuild that trust. Therefore, the corporate governance has started playing an active role in bringing back the reputation of the company which existed before the incident. However, no matter how efficiently the company focuses on rebuilding the previous reputation of BP, it seems quite impossible that it manages to stand out once again in the market facing other similar companies in the industry. Now it has to pay for it as well as wait for a long time to face the world again. BP’s Business Strategy Because of the incident of Deepwater Horizon, the board of BP is reviewing its strategy and made changes in it as following: The events in the Gulf of Mexico led the board to undertake a review of strategy. Led by the group chief executive and his team, the board attempted to address the key challenge of how to regain shareholder value and address core issues, including: To focus on BP’s operations geographically To manage BP’s risk more effectively To focus on BP’s core competency To reset the portfolio of BP Conclusion In April 2010, the Globe faced a disaster in the Mexican Gulf which was ranked as the one which caused the highest loss for the environment, society, as well as the economy in the US history, i.e. Deepwater Horizon oil spillage. Analysing the event from JSEAFORD (2010),the brand image of BP has been suffered to a great extent, negatively affecting its financial position as well as the shareholder value and the reputation and credibility among its stakeholders. BP having a recognition of being a global company, have the positioning in the minds of people that it is a company which does not care much about the planet if it has to make profits. This perception can be justified from the fact that according to The New York Times (2011), BP took steps which actually saved their own time for working through the rig and just did not care about the dangers involved in those steps. Additionally, for global organisations to achieve success, it is essential for them that they should build a mindset in the organisational culture about focusing not only on profits, but it is quite significant to focus equally on the planet as well as its people. This indicates that an organisation can only prosper and earn its desired profits if it aligns the wellbeing of the environment and the people living in the society, as they also are the stakeholders of the organisation’s business. Without aligning the business with environment and society means that the company is just running its business on selfish terms. Thus, the BP incident shows that the environmental and societal concerns were not present in the scenario, which resulted into extremely negative consequences. However, concluding from The Economist (2011), environmentalists say that the consequences are so negative that the surroundings as well as the people living and working near the affected place are going to recover after many more years. List of References BP (2010) BP Annual Report 2010 [online] available at bp.com/liveassets/bp_internet/globalbp/globalbp_uk_english/set_branch/STAGING/common_assets/downloads/pdf/IC_CG10_board_performance_report_2010.pdf [24th March 2011] Cleveland, C (2011) The Encyclopedia of Earth [online] available from eoearth.org/article/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill?topic=50364 [24th March 2011] Gupta, S (2010) Gulf spill: Is the oil lurking underwater? [online] available from newscientist.com/article/dn19345-gulf-spill-is-the-oil-lurking-underwater.html [24th March 2011] JSEAFORD (2010) The Impact of the Deepwater Horizon Oil  Spill [online] available from http://jseaford.wordpress.com/2010/09/30/the-impact-of-the-deepwater-horizon-oil-spill/ [24th March 2011] R, Z (2010) Gulf Oil Spill: BP Oil Well Is Now Dead [online] available from http://morichesdaily.com/2010/09/gulf-oil-spill-bp-oil-dead/ [24th March 2011] The Economist (2011) What lies beneath [online] available from economist.com/node/16160853/comments [24th March 2011] The New York Times (2011) Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill (2010) [online] available from http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/subjects/o/oil_spills/gulf_of_mexico_2010/index.html [24th March 2011]

Quantify

Quantify Quantify Quantify By Maeve Maddox A reader has asked me to discuss the word quantify: I was hoping you could help me with the word quantify. I feel like Im not quite using it correctly. As a term in logic, quantify means to ascribe universal or particular quantity to a term or proposition. For example, the statement â€Å"Dogs are playful† is not quantified. Adding a word like some or all quantifies it: â€Å"Some dogs are playful.† â€Å"All dogs are playful.† The Ngram Viewer indicates that quantify, along with metrics, has become especially popular since the 1960s. A Google search brings up 23,700,000 results for quantify and 90,600,000 for metrics. Note: The business definition of metrics is â€Å"standards of measurement by which efficiency, performance, progress, or quality of a plan, process, or product can be assessed.†    The urge to quantify by accumulating metrics seems to be as popular in our culture as coveting granite countertops. Job hunters are urged to quantify their resumes. Organizations study performance metrics. Bloggers quantify success by counting such things as visits and comments. As far as I can tell, in general usage, quantify means â€Å"put everything you can in the form of numbers or percentages.† Three ways to Quantify Achievements on Your Resume Quantifying the Clickbait and Linkbait in BuzzFeed Article Titles Track Thyself: Quantify Your Life For Productivity, Fun Quantify your ergonomic risk The Quantified Baby How to quantify your bodybuilding and transform your physique Social media users are obsessed with quantifying: I wish that I  could give more than five stars  for mobile kangaroo! . On a scale of 1 to 10  how would you rate your life? As of today I have over 100 followers on Twitter, and more  than 80 subscribers to my blog!   My  meow mix  video got a million shares  on Facebook today. The only errors I found in the use of quantify were in statements that used quantify where I would expect qualify. For example: â€Å"You need to quantify your opinions.† As the speaker was not asking for numbers, the verb qualify, â€Å"to modify (a statement, opinion, etc.) by the addition of some limitation or reservation,† was the more appropriate choice. If there’s a problem with the use of quantify, it lies in the implied message that everything of importance can be rendered in terms of numerical facts. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:12 Greek Words You Should Know"Owing to" vs "Due to"How Do You Fare?

Conway Inn - Conway, Tx Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Conway Inn - Conway, Tx - Research Proposal Example Customer service quality raises issues for almost every hospitality company in some way or other (Hartline, Woolridge, & Jones, 2003). Although the management of Conway Inn takes good care of every business process to meet the required standards of quality, but there is an area which still needs some focus in order to bring it in line with the quality of all other business process. The area which needs improvement is the customer service area the quality of which has gone down a little in the past couple of years. Customers have made complaints about the behavior, food serving, and room service of the employees of the hotel. The management of the hotel needs to resolve these customer service quality issues in order win the trust of the precious customers and protect the customer base. It is essential for a company from the hospitality industry to implement a well-developed quality management system because it helps in attracting and retaining customers, as well as in gaining competitive advantage in the market. Quality management system is implemented in a company to ensure that the quality of the products and services meet the standards. It acts as the foundation for an organization’s success because without the implementation of an effective quality management system, an organization cannot become able to ensure the optimum level of quality in its business processes. Quality management in hotel industry improves overall business performance (Dulcic & Zilic, 2010). Some of the main benefits that Conway Inn can get from the implementation of a quality management system include increase lower costs of quality, improved quality of services, improve level of customer satisfaction, improved company image, increased return in investment, increased customer base , improved employee morale, and increased organizational productivity and profitability. In our case, decreasing customer satisfaction due to

The categorical imperative and duty to Kant and comparing his ideas to Essay

The categorical imperative and duty to Kant and comparing his ideas to the golden rule of jesus - Essay Example As mentioned in the question to this essay itself, the maxim in question of the imperative runs as follows: act only according to that maxim which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law. First, some of the first aspects to note with regard to the imperative, are that it is something which is obeyed as a duty by what he considers to be a morally good individual. Secondly, it is a moral obligation, and finally, and as a preliminary note which will be expanded upon, this is a notion which facilitates any morally 'good' action. Thus, the first section of the Groundwork concerns the general notion of obedience as it is connected with the categorical imperative, and the second section reviews in more detail the doctrines about the categorical imperative, and considers those aspects which might be taken as a criticism or potential criticism of the doctrine itself. From the general, to the more specific, an important dimension of the whole aspect of the imperativ e is the notion of universalibility, and this is related to the aspect of 'willing' something which can or could be equally willed by any other person In the Groundwork, Kant argues that a 'good' man is going to use the criterion of 'universality' for all of his actions, as a maxim which works as a standard to judge good from bad actions, or ethical from unethical decisions. This implies that the means for this obedience or duty to the categorical imperative also involves a certain sense of 'autonomy' for the individual. He maintains that the â€Å"categorical imperative† a â€Å"maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law . . . the universality of law according to which effects are produced constitutes what is properly called nature in the most general sense (as to form), i.e., the existence of things as far determined by universal laws.† [Pojman, Ed., 1998: 302]. Accordingly, the â€Å"universal imperative of duty may† is â€Å"the maxim of your action were to become through your will a universal law of nature. [Pojman, Ed., 1998: 302] Having stated the law in question (the categorical imperative), Kant proceeds to both demonstrate this through an example, which is an example that also serves for purposes of proving this as universally valid as a criterion for moral action. Thus, with regard to the aforementioned notion of 'autonomy', or the moral choice of the individual, Kant establishes what might be called a property of ethical legislation which qualifies as a command. In the second section of the Groundwork, which is a section under the subtitle or subheading of the 'doctrine of virtue', Kant asserts the following with respect to this important 'property' or salient aspect, and which qualifies as both an example and a demonstration or proof the categorical imperative: "Another man in need finds himself forced to borrow money . . . the maxim of his action would then be expressed as follows: when I believe myself to be in need of money, I will borrow money and promise to pay it back, although I know that I can never do so." [Pojman, Ed., 1998: 302] In this example, Kant argues that although it is possible for myself, or anyone else to adopt this maxim, that is, as an application or concrete example of the categorical

Cyber Security Policies and Defense Contractors Essay -- Cyberspace Po

Abstract Cyber security policies in the private sector have been a challenging issue for major defense contractors, especially after recent attacks. As a result, the U.S. increased its strict enforcement against these companies by justifying its intervention to improve cyber security. The government would like to impose standards for companies who lack the proper protocol. Due to the revised and new procedures, corporations are responding by rejecting any congressional intervention. This has caused major friction in the relationship between the government and industry. The executive, judicial and legislative branch believes its responsibility is to provide cyber security capabilities to protect all information at contractor facilities. On the other hand, companies believe their current structure will provide the best protection for their clients. In addition, businesses believe their not being compensated enough by the government for the responsibility they have taken on. As these issues continue to arise, lawmakers have taken drastic measures to implement policies that will allow them to oversee their cyber security practices. Introduction Past and recent cyber attacks like Wiki Leaks have prompted the United States government to make drastic modifications to its cyber security policies. Various regulations are, have been and will be put in place to meet the growing problems within the cyber realm. The Cyberspace Policy Review is one plan to evaluate all U.S. strategies pertaining to cyber security. This review will include many procedures that handle security, operations, incident response and recovery. New and existing policies are being revised to meet the requirement set by U.S. government. As a result, the privat... ...o overcome these obstacles, both entities will need to establish a partnership that will assist each other in securing their classified and highly sensitive information. It is imperative that corporations adhere to the rules and regulations outlined by the federal government to prevent cyber attacks and information lost. Although private sector disagrees with these new regulations, the government still believes these policies will benefit the industry tremendously. If these two entities work together, they can provide resources between both domains to help eliminate the rise in cyber attacks. Even though hack events will continue to rise, the government can reduce the amount of cyber attacks with experience security professionals and open communication. These modifications will help prevent further attacks before they occur and defend against others when they occur.

Apprenticeship System

EDUCATIONAL THEORY AND PRACTICE A (ETP 410S) Discuss the impact that technological development in general had on the apprenticeship system from its original form till today. In your deliberations also refer to the apprenticeship system in Namibia. Also explain the advantages and disadvantages of the Apprenticeship system. In the introduction define the term â€Å"apprenticeship system†. In your argumentation answer the question above and also deliberate the question whether the replacement of the apprenticeship system with a trainee system can solve the vocational education and training problems of Namibia.Conclude your question with a summary of the content. THE APPRENTICESHIP SYSTEM 1. Introduction This assignment serves to discuss about the Apprenticeship system, its origin. I will as well deliberate a bit on the events in history which had an impact on the apprenticeship system and compare the ancient apprenticeship system to the modern type of skills transferring. A few d isadvantages and advantages will as be looked at, without derailing from the main focus of the assignment, the deliberations will mainly focus on Namibia in general.Certain aspects of my argumentations will as well look at the changes to the apprenticeship system and how Industrial revolution or technological development had an effect on the apprenticeship system. Lastly the focus will then be directed at the hot question of whether the replacement of the apprenticeship system with the traineeship system will solve the vocational education and training in Namibia. A conclusion will then be made to sum up the whole topic. According to A.Du Preez (2012: 13) â€Å"The word apprentice is from the Latin word apprentia which means learner†. The word system is a process or structure. The Apprenticeship system can be defined as a system training of training a new generation of apprentices of a structured set of skills and apprenticeships which may save as a gate way for one to enter many different careers. Apprenticeship ranged from craft occupations or trades to those seeking a professional license to practice in a regulated profession.Most of the apprentice’s training was done while working for the employer who in return helps the apprentice to master their trade and profession, in exchange for their continuing labour for a period agreed on in the indenture after they have achieved the required competency (Apprenticeship and traineeship n. d. ). Apprenticeship is a combination of on-the-job training (OJT) and related classroom instruction under the supervision of a journey-level craft person or trade professional in which the workers learn the practical and theoretical aspects of a highly skilled occupation. The history of Apprenticeship n. d. ). 2. Objectives The objectives of this assignment are to: 1. Discuss the historical impact on the apprenticeship system. 2. Discuss the impact that technological development in general had on the Apprenticeship system as from its origin till today. 3. Discuss notable changes to the early apprenticeship system compared to the modern type of apprenticeship. 4. Deliberate on the apprenticeship system in Namibia. 5. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the apprenticeship system. 6.Lastly, discuss and or deliberate on the question of whether the replacement of the apprenticeship system with a trainee system can solve the vocational education and training problems of Namibia. 7. Conclusion. 3. DELIBERATIONS/ARGUMENTATIONS Impact of historical events on the apprenticeship system Before we look at the impact that technological development had on the apprenticeship system, there is a need to step a bit back into time and look at the origin and historical impact on the apprenticeship system, being the only recognised and structured form of transferring skills from an expect to a learner.Human lives revolve around skills and knowledge in order to achieve goals, sculpturing, ploughing and creat ing of tools, are all some of the skills that have been passed from generation to the other through apprenticeship. Although not documented, apprenticeship has been part of human revolution, where parents or masters would subject young men and women to some form of skills learning in order to be able to perform certain tasks.Many years ago, the manufacturing of shoes, household utensils, boats, crafts, hunting tools, furniture, clothes, house decorations and bread baking were all produced in families and clans by specialised in doing so. As the need for such homemade items grew for commercial purposes, clan and family members with such skills formed organisations herewith known as guilds with responsibilities of protecting and guarding the exploitation of such skills and to avoid impostors from cheating the consumers and discrediting the master craftsmen.With time the guilds grew more and more powerful, they became the only authority to certify craftsman to practice the trades. With in the protection and guarding of the apprenticeship, the guilds started to set up rules and conditions of the apprenticeship, such as, suitable working conditions for the apprentice, set of wages for an apprentice who has just completed the apprenticeship and the standard of work (A. Du Preez 2012: 13). Unlike in the beginning of time, contracts were now drafted for both the master craftsman and the apprentice to sign before entering into an apprenticeship.Further readings would state that the contractual agreements signed by the two parties had with them rules and conditions for both parties to undertake. Such rules were: Rules and condition for the master craftsman: * Lodge the apprentice * Clothe the apprentice * Feed the apprentice * Teach the apprentice the art and mysteries of the trade. * Responsible for the apprentice’s morals, religion and civic education. * Teach the apprentice how to read and write. * Monitor the apprentice’s progress on a daily basis. Rule s and conditions for the apprentice: * Live and stay with the master craftsman. Work for the master craftsman for a period of time. * Obey and respect the wishes of the craftsman * Will not partake in any other apprenticeship, gambling or visit brothels. * Will only serve one master craftsman. * Would create a final masterpiece for his/her master upon completion of his/her apprenticeship as a proof of level of skills acquired (Apprenticeship n. d. ). Impact of technological development on the apprenticeship system For many centuries apprenticeship was the only kind of education a working class youth could get† while staying and working for his/her master.The apprenticeship system, which has lasted for hundreds of years since middle age has through time, gradually disappeared in its original form of apprentice and master, with the rise of industrial development. (A. Du Preez, 2012). Apprentices usually at tender ages of ten to fifteen years and would live and be fed in the mast er craftsman’s home (Apprenticeship n. d. ). Age was never a matter of concern in the ancient times, parents would allow their children to be taken away by master craftsman or would give them away due to poverty or could just not simply afford to send them to school.No education was ever provided for, for these children hence at such a young age they should have been to or attending schools. With contract signed between the craftsman and the apprentice, the young apprentice was only bound to obey their masters and only live by their masters’ wishes. In keeping up with the new era, certain laws had to be put in place to govern and transform the apprenticeship system. One such law is the Constitution of the republic of Namibia in which certain Articles based on human rights and freedoms are enshrined.We take a look at three Articles, Article 9 Slavery and forced labour, Article 15 Children’s rights and 20 Education. Article 9 Slavery and forced labour states that, no person shall be subjected to any form of slavery or forced labour. Article 15 Children’s rights, clearly states that no child under the age 16 shall be allowed to work or enter into any form of contractual agreement with an adult and most importantly it states that all children shall be cared for by both parents. Article 20 Education, it states that primary education in Namibia shall be free and compulsory.This is to stop parents from giving away or sending their children to go and work somewhere at tender age due to poverty or unable to pay education fees. (The Constitution of the Republic of Namibia). This law made it impossible for master craftsmen to practice the ancient apprenticeship system in the developing world as it protects the exploitation of humans and children in particular. Impact of industrial revolution on the apprenticeship system In the early 20s industries and technology expanded and there was a drastic demand for more skilled persons in different fiel ds.Such demands caused the master craftsman to change the apprenticeship approach, from where the learner was attached to the master for a longer period, to a more competent and demand meeting approach and which was as well changed to a more specific skills approach, a lesser or shorter period being implemented. The training of one learner at a time to acquire a wide range of skills over a long period has become a thing of the past. Masters were forced by the industrial revolution to use the on-the –job type of skills transferring and class rooms where not only one person is subjected to learning but a group of apprentices are taught at once.Vocational Training Centres were established where skills could be transferred to apprentices by different master craftsmen herewith referred to as instructors. The most notable example to this is the Namibian Police training standard. Police recruits immediately after the colonial era were recruited and trained policing in general withou t specialisation. Some were recruited on grounds of being ex-combatants or being ex police officers in the South West African Police (SWAPOL).Some of these members were sent out to countries with better police training institutions for longer periods of time to acquire the much needed policing skills and knowledge e. g. nine months police training in Zambia. The whole idea was seemingly to return experience police officers on which the police grounds could be established. According to A. Du Preez (2012: 17) â€Å"the apprenticeship system was seen as a highly beneficial method of proving skilled workforce in those trades that demanded skills and of retaining the knowledge and experience of older workers†.This was praised as a good idea, however the training period became a concern as Namibian people needed a lot of skilled and educated policemen and women. The advanced ways of how crimes were committed and the introduction of computers, the police was forced to take a new dir ection to curb the crimes and meet its goal of maintaining of law and order. Decent numbers of men and women were recruited and subjected to a more military-like training by experienced skilled police officials.Trainings continued with the military-like trainings where more military tactics were being taught, mostly the use of fire-arms and drill formations. The public demanded for more skilled and educated police officials to walk the streets. A new map was the drawn on the training to meet the changing needs. The trainings centres were then revamped to an education friendly environment. A different learning approach was adopted from that of more skills training to a 50/50 practically and theoretically oriented training.Instead of training being done in fields, classes became the song of training where educated and better qualified police official undertook to train new police recruits with more theory than practice. As time went by, training was then divided into three phases: mai nly Basic recruit training for six months, six months probation on the job practices and then a choice of specialisation in any field of choice, be it investigation or traffic policing. With the adoption of technology, a lot of things changed.The way how skills are currently being transferred compared to the early apprenticeship, the use of computers to give classes, the use of visual and audio materials where the master is never personally in contact with the apprentices, unlike the early form, where the master was on a daily basis present with the apprentice, monitored and guided him/her throughout the entire learning process. Take for example the telecommunication system, in the 19th century, for one to make a call; you have to be connected to an operator who then has to connect you to an operator who then has to connect you to the numbers or number of choice.These persons working at switch-board were only skilled persons trained by a craftsman which has all changed to the use of computers. The whole process where the operator connects the caller to the next intended receiver changed in the 20th century with the use of computers. The fate of all operators is unknown as their services were no more needed. According to A. Du Preez (2012:24) â€Å"Focused training was needed to satisfy the demands of a fast growing industrial environment†. The differences between the ancient and modern apprenticeship system ANCIENT APPRENTICESHIP| MODERN APPRENTICESHIP| . Anyone could sign an indenture with the master craftsman. (A. Du Preez 2012)| 1. Only persons meeting the required entry standards are registered. | 2. Age was never part of the requirements for anyone to undergo apprenticeship by a master craftsman. | 2. Only persons above the age of 16can be admitted as apprentices. | 3. The apprenticeship ran for many years. | 3. It runs on a more manageable period of time. | 4. The skills taught were not specific and were only based mostly on crafts. | 4. Each appr enticeship has its own craftsman with his/her students/learners| 5.There was a very low output of skilled apprentices. | 5. Since the apprenticeship is done in classrooms, they are a lot of graduates annually. | 6. The apprentice stayed and lived with the master craftsman during the entire apprenticeship process. | 6. The apprentices do not stay with masters, they their own homes. | 7. The apprentice could not engage in any other activity or change the field of study. | 7. The apprentice is likely to engage in other apprentices, depending on personal wishes. | 8. It was only a one- on-one type of skills transferring. 8. The presentations are done by one master to a group of people at once. | 9. After the completion of the apprenticeship, the apprentice was required to make and present a masterpiece to the master craftsman, which would the be presented to the guild, and only after the guild’s approval would the apprentice be certified as a journey’s man and later a craf tsman (A. Du Preez 2012: 15)| 9. The final year concentrates more on practices in workshop and on the job trainings after which theoretical and practical examinations are done.Success in the examination would amount to a Certificate, diploma or degree and higher. | 10. Done at the residence of the master. | 10. Done in classrooms, in industries and in workshops. | This clearly indicates just how much has the apprenticeship system being modernised and transformed to meet the social, economic, industrial and political pressure. The apprenticeship system in Namibia The apprenticeship system in Namibia has in years focused mostly on the psychomotor domain learning approach, other that the cognitive domain as a learning style.The psychomotor domain is the system being used in the vocational training centres as Namibia is driving towards the direction of competency, efficiency and effectiveness in skills acquiring. For a learner to be able to go and work, one has to firstly complete all v ocational requirements and lastly graduate (A. Du Preez 2012:19). We take a look at the police force once again, all police cadet or police recruits would firstly undergo a six months training programme with both theoretical and practical examinations and test being done.Those who do not excel in shooting practices would be recommended never to carry an official service firearm and as for those who do not make it academically, their fate is in the streets or recommendations for retraining and would remain cadet constable (students) until such time they qualify. Namibia’s development plan of vision 2030 is the driving force behind the current state of the apprenticeship system with the aim of meeting the target of a better and developed nation.Some Namibian may have used the ancient and colonial form of apprenticeship where a learner was attached to the master for a period of time while acquiring skills, but have changed to a vocational and on the job kind of apprenticeship. T he much thought after example to this is the Namibian Police Force, franchise shops and institutions known as vocational training centres. Let us look at the vocational training centres, skills are not passed from professionals or qualified persons in the form of practices only but theory is as well included and that goes for the police trainings.The use of firearms was taught only at shooting ranges but as of recent years, students have to undergo a theoretical approach to the use of firearms and their understanding is tested through written test and examinations after which they are then exposed to the practical shooting exercises at shooting ranges while under the supervision of instructors. The current situation in Namibia is different to that of the ancient times as apprentices are free, they receive a salary and in most times have homes of their own while undergoing training. According to A.Du Preez (2012: 21) â€Å"Namibian’s training system of training takes place in classrooms as well as in workshops and trainees receive tools to work with. Apart from doing practical wok in workshops trainees also receive individual set of writing exercises which they have to carry out and can only go on the job-attachments once they have mastered the skills†. The above practices shows just how much Namibia is striving to achieve its vision for developed Namibia by 2030 by allowing masters to conduct an on the job trainings and the introduction of vocational training centres where skills are acquired to perform or master certain tasks. Nowadays, apprentices are members of a production force as they train on the job and in the classrooms. They are paid wages, work a regular work week, and live in their own homes rather than that of a master. The apprenticeship agreement set out the work processes in which they are to be trained and the hours and wages for each training period. At the end of their apprenticeship, they receive certificates that are similar to diplomas awarded to the engineering graduates of universities (History of apprenticeship n. d. ).The above quote/ paragraph is in line with what the police is currently doing, where recruited persons undergo basic police training and are paid a probation salary until the completion of another â€Å"6† six month on the job probation. Advantages and Disadvantages of the apprenticeship system Every institution or department, entity or environment has its own ups and downs which in most cases we would refer to as the advantages and disadvantages; we will now take a look at some of the advantages and disadvantages of the apprenticeship system. The lack of job or employment opportunities in Namibia currently, has forced a lot of young women and men to seek for employment forth education in a sense of firstly securing a job and then study and without knowing, they enter into apprenticeship systems rather than the educational process. The choice of firstly seeking or getting emplo yed and then study has its own greener grounds and its down falls, this is evident in the Namibian police, when young men and women would prefer to be recruited, get trained and then pursue a career in either policing or other police related fields. Looking at some of the advantages and disadvantages, it will then be a sole choice of an apprentice to decide the direction of learning. Advantages of the apprenticeship system * Acquire skills and knowledge about your career before registering for educational qualification. * You get paid or an apprentice gets paid a salary while learning and under-supervision. * Working or work experience gives an apprentice the courage to take on any task. * Apprenticeship helps an apprentice to gain more knowledge, experience and skills which may be of advantage in or when enrolling for at a tertiary institution. With apprenticeship, less books or studying is at own will as all skills and knowledge are obtained through practice and guidance by or fro m experience supervisors. * The â€Å"master† or leader gets to monitor, guide and correct his/her apprentice through practice as the saying goes â€Å"Practice makes Perfect†. * Police officers get recruited and as soon as they are appointed as cadet constables, they start to receive a cadet constable‘s salary or while awaiting to undergo a six month basic training, they are paid a student’s salary (career information & E-Recruitment n. . ). * . Disadvantages of the apprenticeship system * Unlike a university graduate recruit an unqualified recruit gains a lesser salary compared to that of a university graduate recruit. * Sometimes having to work before obtaining a university qualification may cause an apprentice to be lazy to study and obtain such need qualification. * With the revolution of technology, the chances of an apprentice without any tertiary qualification of being retrenched to make way for qualified and certified persons are very high. It may take long for an apprentice to get promoted at work than a university graduate. * An apprentice may in some cases not be able to learn all about the choice of career through practice but tertiary education may be likely cover all aspects. * Persons with tertiary qualifications are likely start at command or senior position to that of an apprentice. * When opting to study, distance learning may be a bit difficult than having to do full time (career information & E-Recruitment n. d. ).The apprenticeship system may in other words being referred to as a backlog for young persons, as it is a very long route to obtain tertiary qualification. Replacement of the Apprenticeship system with the Trainee-Based system What are apprenticeships and traineeship; Apprenticeships and traineeships combine paid work and structured training. They allow you to learn a trade or workplace skill and receive a nationally accredited qualification. apprenticeships and traineeships can both be undertaken eithe r full-time or part-time (The traineeship). What's the difference between an apprentice and a trainee?There is a very thin line of difference between the two; however there are two main differences between an apprentice and a trainee. An apprentice is trained in a skilled trade and upon successful completion will become a qualified tradesperson. Trades such as electrical, plumbing, cabinet-making and automotive mechanics are just a few that are a part of the apprenticeship scheme. A trainee is someone who is being trained in a vocational area. These vocational areas include, but are not limited to, office administration, information technology and hospitality.Upon completion of a traineeship you will be  eligible to receive  a minimum of a certificate II in your chosen vocational area (ApprenticeshipInfo n. d. ). Many people have been fooled into believing that apprenticeships are only about plumbing, mechanics, tailoring or building. There are a lot of apprenticeships out there ; it all depends to the choice of an apprentice on what he/she is comfortable with. When the traineeship system was introduced in 1985, it shared many features with the apprenticeship system on which it was based.Over the years, institutional scopes have reduced some of the differences although traineeship system trainees have not benefited from the strong behavioural norms that have governed the apprenticeship training (Grey et al 1999). Why choose an apprenticeship or traineeship? An apprenticeship or traineeship can enable you to: * Gain valuable work experience * Get paid while you learn * Learn the latest knowledge and skills * Get a qualification that's recognized across Namibia. Apprentices and trainees complete a qualification while learning skills at work and under the guidance of a training organisation (ApprenticeshipInfo n. . ). When the traineeship system was firstly introduced in the mid eighties, it was introduced with a variety range of characteristics of the apprent iceship system, with the expansion of technology; most of the characteristics which the traineeship system shared with the apprenticeship system were and have been reduced. Therefore, the features that underpin the completion of the traineeship are essentially the same as for an apprenticeship, but their effects are weaker. Traineeship have not benefited from the strong behavioural norms that have governed the apprenticeship training (Grey et al. 999). Many occupations and industries in which traineeships are used have a tradition of a weak attachment between the employer and the employee. The unstructured nature of labour markets means that the gain to a trainee completing is small, and the lower cost to the employers means that they are less concerned recovering this cost from the trainees. However the whole traineeship completion rate changed in the midi-nineties where the system became more popular and more significant, the low completion rate became more visible (NCVER 2005).Ap prenticeships and traineeships are available in a diverse range of industries and across a vast variety of occupation groups. Traineeships and apprenticeships also allow for the training to be done on a full time or part time basis and can vary in their duration. In addition although most trainees and apprentices are engaged in a single contract with one specific employer or the vocation they are training in and so may effectively enter into more than one training contract prior to completing an apprenticeship or traineeship (NCVER 2001).The successful completion of a traineeship or an apprenticeship requires the achievement of three specific tasks as listed below: * Completion of formal off job requirements of the traineeship or apprenticeship, including completion of the qualification specified in the training contract. * Completion of the indenture period of the contract of training, in addition to satisfying the employer endorsed on the job requirements. Once the above requireme nts have been met, notification of the successful completion of the training contract by the trainee or apprentice, along with provision of required evidence substantiating the successful completion of the traineeship or apprenticeship must be provided to the relevant training authority. High rates of non completion amongst apprentices has been recognised as being costly for employers who invest significant time and resources into offering such training opportunities but may receive little or no return for their efforts (WADOT 1998).An apprenticeship or traineeship is a formal contract between an employer and an apprentice or trainee to undertake vocational education and training under the supervision of the employer or trainer. Traineeships and apprenticeships are offered to a variety of workers including those falling into one of the following groups: i) New entrants to the labour market ii) Re-entrants into the labour market iii) Existing workers who are looking to upgrade their skills with a specific employer.Looking at the above findings, it all comes to one ending, industries are resorting more and more to the traineeship system as it is cheaper and affordable, there are contractual bindings with the trainee and they do not lose a lot in the whole training process. Although the traineeship system appears to be an advantage for the industries, it has however been regarded as a way for companies to score cheap labour without decent consideration of the workers’ needs. The bonus for the trainees is that they do not get to be counted as unemployed, even though they are living on near poverty wages (Google Groups Traineeship are a scam).Apprenticeships and traineeships are available in a diverse range of industries and across a vast variety of occupational groups. Traineeships and apprenticeships also allow for training to be done on a full time or part time basis and can vary in their duration. In addition although most trainees and apprentices are en gaged in a single training contract with a specific employer, some may change employer or the vocation they are training in and so may effectively enter into more than one training contract prior to completing an apprenticeship or traineeship (NCVER 2001). Facts about apprenticeships and traineeships: apprenticeships and traineeships combine work with structured training * traineeships vary in length from 12 months to three years * apprenticeships can take up to four years to complete but many apprenticeships can now be completed more quickly than the traditional four years * apprenticeships and traineeships can be full-time, part-time, or school-based – where some of the training is undertaken while the apprentice or trainee is in high school * existing employees may undertake an apprenticeship or traineeship * apprenticeships and traineeships require employers to enter into a training contract with the apprentice or trainee * Employers work with a training organization and the apprentice or trainee to draw up the training plan (ApprenticeshipInfo n. d. ). Training can be delivered using one or more of the following options: * In an appropriate environment, such as an employer's premises. * Using flexible delivery methods, such as video link, teleconference, correspondence, work books, online self-paced learning, or an internet classroom link, where training is delivered by the training organization * In the workplace, where training is delivered by the employer (ApprenticeshipInfo n. d. Where can an apprenticeship or traineeship take you? On completion of an apprenticeship or traineeship you will have learnt new skills and gained experience and confidence working in a real job. This puts you in a great place to keep working, to go on to further study or even start your own business (ApprenticeshipInfo n. d. ). The afore-stated argument, if looked at the current direction at which the world is aimed and the use of technology and how much industries req uires specialisation in fields and more critical on theoretical knowledge when planning and achieve, the replacement of the apprenticeship system will not solve the vocational education in Namibia.A trainee graduates with a lower or unrecognized qualification whereas an apprentice graduates and qualifies in his/her field. It would therefore be wise and advisable that the two systems run side by side, where the traineeship prepares trainees for the apprenticeship system. The NYS (national youth service) under the Ministry of Youth runs a traineeship programme, where young men and women from all walks of life undergo a training programme and upon completion they get integrated into apprenticeships. A person who does t he apprenticeship is according to the findings, guaranteed a job unlike the one who goes through the traineedhip. Conclusion The deliberations in the assignment looked at main topic of the apprenticeship system.The apprenticeship system was an early form of education or transfer of skills from a craftsman to an apprentice or a learner in a number of years, however hence the early apprenticeship system was a one-on-one training, these whole system started to change from a one-on-one transfer of skills to one-on-many form of education and the duration minimised to a more shorter time frame due to industrial revolution and technology. The apprenticeship system has entirely changed from its original form due to historical events and industrial revolution. In the deliberations, an emphasis was made on the advantages and disadvantages of the apprenticeship system.The other part of the assignment took a focus on the apprenticeship system in Namibia in particular The recruitment of police officers changed from skill training to a 50-50 theory and skills training due to an industrial demand for more educated law enforcement officers. Although Namibia still practices the apprenticeship system, compared to the early apprenticeship system, trainees are not ent irely attached to their masters and, they are paid a salary based o the type of work performed. Current apprentices are being trained on job. The point of concern was the question asked, will the replacement of the apprenticeship system with the traineeship system solve the vocational education and training problem in Namibia.For Namibia to remain competitive to other nations the introduction of the trainee system to replace the apprenticeship system will just diminish the values of the vocational training institutions as they will be forced to enrol unqualified trainees upon the completion of the traineeship. A suggestion is then made that the apprenticeship and the traineeship system runs together as there is a thin line of difference between the two systems. References: * A. Du Preez (2012). Educational Theory and Practice A. Unit 1: 1-26 Published by centre of open and life-long learning, Windhoek, Namibia. * History of apprenticeship (n. d). Retrieved on 14 February 2013 from * http://. Ini. wa. gov/TradesLicensing/Apprenticeship/About/History/default. sp * Advantages and disadvantages of apprenticeship system. (n. d. ) Retrieved on 14 February 2013 from http://www. allaboutcareers. com/careers-advice/apprenticeship/advantages-of-apprenticeship * Traineeship. (n. d. ) Retrieved on 26 February 2013 from http://www. bbc. co. uk/news/education-20961113 * Apprenticeship and traineeship. (n. d. ) Retrieved on 27 February 2013 from http://www. bafensw. edu. au/courses/types/apptrain. htm * Apprenticeship and traineeship. (n. d. ) Retrieved on 27 February 2013 from http;//www. apprenticeshipsInfo. gld. gov. au/apprentices/index. html * Apprenticeship (n. d. ) Retrieved on 27 February 2013 from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Apprenticeship